定语从句关系词的选用讲讲(谁能给我讲下定语从句)

定语从句关系词的选用讲讲

定语从句中的关系词的选择，通过两个步骤来定：

1、找出先行词，也就是被定语从句修饰的词。

2、判断先行词在从句中起什么句子作用，即在从句中充当什么成分。

定语从句修饰先行词the man，在从句中当主语；定语从句修饰先行词he，在从句中当主语。

谁能给我讲下定语从句

定语从句专题教案

教学要点：
1． 定语从句三要素及关系词的选用；
2． 只能用that或which的情况；
3． which和as的区别；
4． whose 用法及转形；
5． 介词+关系代词中介词的选用及位置(介词短语和动词短语)；
6． 定语从句中的特殊情况。
教学重点：
1． 关系代词和关系副词在句子中所做的成分；
2． 关系代词which和 that 的区别；
3． 使用定语从句中应注意的特殊用法；
4． 真题分析。
教学难点：
1． 如何判断及选用关系代词和关系副词；
2． whose 的用法及转换；
3． 介词+关系代词中介词的选用。
教学步骤
Step1. 导入
He is the man that/who wants to see you.
先行词关系词(在从句中充当主语)
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）
1. 定义：在主从复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
2. 位置：定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词的后面。
3. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫“先行词”。
4. 关系词（引导词）：引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。
改错：
1. I’ll never forget the days that we worked together.
2. I’ll never forget the days when we spent together.
答案:1.that改为when 2.when 改为 that错误分析:关系代词和关系副词使用混淆
Step2. 关系代词和关系副词的作用
正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于关系词在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。关系词一共有9个, 它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说明
that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限制性从句
which 物 物 √ √ ×
who 人 √ √ × × who可代替whom作宾语
whom × 人 × × ×
whose × × × 人/物 ×
when × × × × √
where × × × × √
why × × × × √
as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as…, the same...as..., as...
as...结构中
用关系词填空
1.The man ___________ came to our school is Mr. Wang.
2.A child __________ parents are dead is called Tom.
3.Could you tell me the reason ______ you are late?
4.I don’t know the boy __________ you talked with.
5. Beijing is the place ________ I came.
6.Gone are the days____ we used foreign oil.
答案1.who/that 2.whose3.why4.(whom/that/) 5.where 6.when
提示：引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词关键要看他们在从句中作什么成份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从句中是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。
Step3. 考点一：如何判断用关系代词还是关系副词
1. I will never forget the day whenI first went to school.
2. I will never forget the daywhich/thatwe spent in Beijing.
3. The house which/that we visited is being repaired now.
4. The house where Lu Xun once lived is being repaired now.
实例分析:
1.Is this the museum ____ we held the exhibition?
A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one
2.Is this museum ____ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. thatC. on whichD. the one
3.Is this the museum _____ you visited yesterday?
提示：先把以上句子变为肯定句
例1变为肯定句： This is the museum _____________ we held the exhibition.
例2变为肯定句： This museum is __________________ you visited a few days ago.
例3变为肯定句： This is the museum ________________you visited yesterday.
答案：1.where 2.the one(that /which/)3.that /which/不填
解题步骤：
1. 通读全句，首先判断是什么句型；
2. 题干句如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈述句式；
3. 找出从句部分及先行词；
4. 分析从句的句子结构，判断从句中所缺的成分，缺主语、宾语或定语用关系代词；
不缺主语、宾语或定语时选用关系副词做状语。
Step4. 考点二：只能用关系代词which 或that的情况
在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时, 下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which:
1.先行词被①形容词最高级；②序数词；③the only, the very, the right ,the same 修饰时。
This is the only book that I bought today.
2.先行词为下列不定代词，或被此类词（+ every, each）修饰时。
① all, one, some, any, much;
② none, few, little, no;
③ something, anything, everything, nothing。
Is this all that is left？
He made a list of all the books (that) he had ever read.
④ 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3. 先行词中既有人又有物时。
Look at the man and his horse that are walking up the street.
4.先行词在从句中作表语。（多用that而不用who）
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
5.当主句中含有疑问词which或who时,为避免重复，常用that 代替who 或which。
Which are the books that you bought for me?
6.主句以there be 开头时
There is little that I can do to make up for the lost time.
在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时,只能用which而不能用that 的情况：
1.在介词提前的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which。
This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.
2.引导非限制性定语从句时。
She failed the exam, which made her parents vary angry.
Step5. 考点三：as与which引导的非限定性定语从句
二者都可以引导非限制定语从句，指代从句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。
He married her, as /which was natural.
在下列情况下一般只能用as：
(1) as 放在句首、句中，而which不能。
(2) as 本身有“正如……；正像……”之意，而which 没有；此时as常和 know, see, expect, announce, suggest, hope, believe 等连用。由as构成的常用短语：As everybody knows/As is known to everybody；As we can see；As is often the case；As is reported in the newspaper… 如：
1. As we all know, the earth is round.
2. As is known to everyone, China is a country that has the largest population in the world. 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
【注】As的搭配：
当先行词被the same, such修饰时，定语从句需用as引导
e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.
I have the same plan as you.
the same …as(指同类的东西)the same …that(指同一个东西)
This is the same watch as I lost.This is the same watch that I lost.
练习：
1.他带的手表和你昨天买的一样。
He is wearing the same watch as you bought yesterday.
2.他带的那块手表就是我昨天买的那块。
He is wearing the same watch that I bought yesterday.
Step6. 考点四：whose 用法及转换形式
1. whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。
Do you know the woman whose husband is a doctor?
Pass me the book whose cover is green.
2. whose引导的从句可转换为“of +关系代词”型，即
whose + N = the +N + of which/whom = of which/whom + the + N
He lives in the room whose window faces south.
= He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.
= He lives in the room, of which the window faces south.
Step7. 考点五：介词+关系代词
提醒：介词＋关系代词(whom/which)引导的定语从句, 关键是介词的选择。
方法一：根据从句中动词的习惯搭配
The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming.
This is the room in which Lu Xun used to live.
方法二：根据先行词的习惯搭配
He came to a farm, on which he finally settled.
The speed at which light travels is 3000,000 km per second.
方法三：根据句子所需要的意思
The colorless gas is called oxygen, in which fires burn much better.
The colorless gas is called oxygen, without which we could not live.
注意：关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。此时关系代词只能用which 或 whom; 不可用that 或who 代替。非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“名词/数词/代词 + of which/whom”的结构。如：
There are 50 students in our class, two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
实例分析：
1．(2004湖北卷)There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
解析：答案为D。the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings; B选项缺少一个连词。
2. (2004辽宁卷) The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which ofC. of them D. of that
解析：答案为A。80% of which指代的是80% of the shoes。本题意为：这家工厂每年生产的50万双鞋子有80%都是销往国外的。
3.There are altogether 56 students in our class,______ is a new comer from a mountain village.
A. the most hard-working of whoB. of whom the most hard-working
C. the most hard-working of them D. but the most hard-working of whom
答案为B
介词+关系代词时介词的位置
1. The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist.
2. The city that/which she lives in is far away.
3. The man to whom you spoke was a scientist.
4. The city in which she lives is far away.
提醒who、that 不能直接用于介词之后
Is this the watch that you are looking for?
The old man whom I am looking after is better .
注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开提前，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
练习: 介词+关系代词的使用
1.Do you like the bookshe paid $10?
2.He built a telescope he could study the skies.
3.China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _______ is the Yellow River.
4. There is a tall tree outside,stands our teacher.
5. The man ________ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.
6. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most ________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
答案：1.for which 2.through which 3.of which 4.under which5.to whom6. of which
Step8. 使用定语从句时应注意的问题
1.I don’t like the way ______ he speaks.
A.thatB.which C.how D.who
答案B提醒：当先行词为way时，意为“方式，方法”，引导词可以为that, in which 或省略。
2. Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who _____(give) us wonderful English lessons in our school.
It is one of the best films that______(have) been shown recently.
答案：gives, have提醒：定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。
1) one of +复数名词+关系代词+复数动词
2) the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+单数动词
3. Let me think of a proper situation _______ this sentence can be used.
答案A 提醒：先行词是situation, point, case, scene, stage…，引导词一般用where或用in which
4.This is the man ______ I believe is honest.
答案：who 提醒：定语从句中加插入语：关系代词和动词之间有时有一个插入语，常用做插入语的动词有 believe,think,suppose,guess,say等解题时应注意把插入语成分取出。
5.分隔式定语从句
There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
A fast food restaurant is the place where, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon.
注意：定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语，状语或谓语隔开。
定语从句
定语从句中的“牛鼻子”就是关联词。初学者由于抓住这个“牛算子”，往往会犯错误。本文将从以下12个方面谈谈如何抓定语从句中关联词这个“牛鼻子”。
1、抓住关系代词。从句中关系副词可由“介词+关系代词”代替，因此，掌握了关系代词，关系副词也就迎刃而解了。如：The boy didn't tell me the classroom where he was studying句中的where可由in which来取代。
2、从句中不能出现疑问句的形式。如The woman can't tell the day when her son was born句中的was不能放到when之后。
3、从句中不能出现疑问句的形式。如：Here is the pen that you lost it yesterday.句中的it指的就是先行词the pen，应删去it。
4、关系代词应与先行词在数上一致。如The gifts which were sent to Jack were very expensive.
5、关系代词在从句中可作主语、宾语和定语，关系副词只作状语。如That's the day when I'll never forget.句中的关联词应是forget的宾语，故不能用when，应用which或that.
6、可以换用的关系代词。
a.修饰物的关系代词用which或that；如：Abookstore is a store which/that sells books.
b.修饰人的关系代词常用who,也可用that.如：The comrade who/that visited our class yesterday is our new headmaster.
7、不能换用的关系代词。which不能修饰人;who不能悠物;whose作从句中的定语,既可修饰人,也可修饰物。如:The horse whose windows face south was built last year.
在下列情况下，须用that；
a.先行词为all、little、the、one、everything、something、nothing、anything 等不定代词(something)后也可用which;如Is there anything that l can do for you? The finger that l put into my mouth was not the one that l had dipped into my cup.
b.先行词被序数或形容词最高级修饰时；如:The last place that we visited was the library.
He is the meat careful boy that l Know.
c.先行词由"人+物"构成时。如:He talked of the men and the work that interested him very much.
且that不用于非限制性定语从句之中。如：Tom got the first place, which(不用that) pleased his parents.
8、可以省略的关系代词。当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。如：The letter (that/which) l received yesterday was from my brother.
9、不可省略的关系代词。
a.在从句中作其他成分的关系代词，如：The boy who is playing on the grass is Jack's brother.
b.在非限制性定语从句中的关系代词，如That's Lao Li, whom k mentioned to you the other day.
c.介词位于关系代词之前时.如:This is the house in which Mr Smith once lived.
10、跟关系代词连用的介词可置于关系代词之前,也可置后.如上句也可改为 This is the house which Mr Smith once lived in.
还要注意：
a.that作介词宾语时，介词位于从句中原来的位置；如:Can you lend me the book that you were talking about?
b.在非限制定语从句中，介词位于关系代词位置，如：Wu Dong, with whom l went concert, enjoyed it very much.
c.介词是短语动词的固定部分，不可拆开。如：Is this the day that you are looking for?
11、which有时代表前面整个主句所表达的概念。如：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
12、关系代词as常与such和the same连用。如：I have never seen such a wild dog as you describe.
I have the same trouble as you have.

谁能给我讲解一下定语从句？尤其是关系词的确定用that还是其他

关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. thatC. on whichD. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
限制性和非限制性定语从句

1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. itB. thatC. whichD. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. whichC. asD. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever

1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person thatwhoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
关系代词that 的用法

1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。